The Raptor Maps application enables you to review infrared images associated with anomalies identified during site inspection. The IR image shows a higher temperature for the anomalous area or component compared to adjacent areas or components. This is because defects dissipate solar energy as heat rather than converting it to current.
More serious defects have higher temperature differentials. Many manufacturers consider a temperature differential greater than 20 degrees evidence of a defective module, where the hotter module is defective. Anomalies are not always stable and can vary from one day to the next, depending on the conditions at the time of inspection.
Anomalies showing smaller temperature differentials, especially less than 10 degrees, may not require immediate attention but generally continue to degrade over time.
Common causes of anomalies include:
- Damage during installation
- Shading
- Soiling
- Vegetation
- Cracking
- Manufacturing defect
- Weather events (lightning, hail, wind)
- Suboptimal grounding
- Module degradation (for example, delamination)
- Fuse or connector failure (for strings)
An RGB image can assist in determining the cause of the anomaly. For example, the RGB image confirms vegetation as the cause of this multi cell anomaly:
The value of a solar inspection is that it provides insight into the impact of anomalies on power production.
Due to solar site design, some anomalies have bigger impact than others. A solar site uses silicon solar cells to convert the energy of sunlight into electricity. The power generated is made available to the grid by means of strings, combiners, and finally inverters, which feed into the point of interconnection.
When assessing anomaly impact on power production, it’s important to consider that outages of components such as combiners and inverters result in a greater reduction in power production than individual cells.
Raptor Maps uses a power factor to take into account that, for example, a string outage will have much greater impact on overall power production than a cell outage.
For more information, refer to Calculate Impact of Anomalies and Power Factors
Raptor Maps analysis checks for all of the following anomalies:
Anomaly | Description |
|---|---|
Ballast | A ballast consists of concrete blocks used to secure an array of solar modules to the ground or the roof. A ballast anomaly indicates a broken ballast. |
Cell | Hot spot occurring with square geometry in single cell |
Cell low | Cell anomaly, where the temperature of an anomalous area is less than 10˚C higher than adjacent areas |
Cell medium | Cell anomaly, where the temperature of an anomalous area is 10-20˚C higher than adjacent areas |
Cell high | Cell anomaly, where the temperature of an anomalous area is 20˚C higher than adjacent areas |
Cell multi | Hot spots occurring with square geometry in multiple cells |
Cell multi low | Cell multi anomaly, where the temperature of an anomalous area is less than 10˚C higher than adjacent areas |
Cell multi medium | Cell multi anomaly, where the temperature of an anomalous area is 10-20˚C higher than adjacent areas |
Cell multi high | Cell multi anomaly, where the temperature of an anomalous area is 20˚C higher than adjacent areas |
Circuit | A circuit anomaly is a series of adjacent offline strings. This anomaly type usually affects fewer strings than a combiner anomaly, depending on the electrical wiring and as-built layout. |
Combiner | A combiner combines many strings into a larger flow of DC (direct current). A combiner anomaly shows a fault in contiguous strings matching the combiner layout. |
Cracking | Module anomaly caused by cracking on module surface |
Damaged | A bent, misplaced, warped, or heavily cracked module (beyond the module surface) |
Delamination | Module anomaly due to compromised adhesion between glass, encapsulant, active layers, and/or back layers. More common with thin film modules |
Diode | A bypass diode provides a current path around a faulty cell or module. A diode anomaly indicates as activated bypass diode, typically 1/3 of module. |
Diode multi | Multiple activated bypass diodes, typically affecting ⅔ of module. |
Hot spot | Anomalous spot on a cell |
Hot spot low | Hot spot, where the temperature of the anomalous area is less than 10˚C higher than adjacent areas |
Hot spot medium | Hot spot, where the temperature of the anomalous area is 10-20˚C higher than adjacent areas |
Hot spot high | Hot spot, where the temperature of the anomalous area is 20˚C higher than adjacent areas |
Hot spot multi | Multiple hot spots on a thin film module |
Hot spot multi low | Hot spot multi, where the temperature of the anomalous area is less than 10˚C higher than adjacent areas |
Hot spot multi medium | Hot spot multi, where the temperature of the anomalous area is 10-20˚C higher than adjacent areas |
Hot spot multi high | Hot spot multi, where the temperature of the anomalous area is 20˚C higher than adjacent areas |
Internal short circuit | Multiple cell anomalies as a result of a short circuit |
Inverter | An inverter converts the DC current of many combiners into usable AC. An inverter anomaly shows a fault in contiguous strings matching the inverter layout. |
Junction box | A junction box is an enclosure on the module which connects the PV strings. A junction box anomaly is a hot spot at the junction box location on the module. |
Junction box low | Junction box anomaly, where the temperature of the anomalous area is less than 10˚C higher than adjacent areas. |
Junction box medium | Junction box anomaly, where the temperature of the anomalous area is 10-20˚C higher than adjacent areas |
Junction box high | Junction box anomaly, where the temperature of the anomalous area is 20˚C higher than adjacent areas |
Missing | Module is present on as-built but missing from PV system |
Module | Entire module is heated or offline |
Reverse Polarity | Module anomaly due to incorrect wiring |
Shadowing | Sunlight obstructed by vegetation |
Soiling | Dirt, dust, or other debris on surface of module |
Spare module | Module is present on as-built and marked as offline |
String | A string consists of an individual set of modules connected in series. A string anomaly shows fault in contiguous modules matching the string layout. |
Tracker | Tilt tracker position affecting power production |
Underperforming String | A string with a delta of less than 3 degrees C when compared to an adjacent operational string. Other sub-module anomalies can also be present in underperforming strings, and generally are not visible in true offline strings. |
Vegetation | Modules blocked by vegetation |
Updated about a month ago