Reviewing Anomalies

The Raptor Maps application enables you to review infrared images associated with anomalies identified during site inspection. The IR image shows a higher temperature for the anomalous area or component compared to adjacent areas or components. This is because defects dissipate solar energy as heat rather than converting it to current.

More serious defects have higher temperature differentials. Many manufacturers consider a temperature differential greater than 20 degrees evidence of a defective module, where the hotter module is defective. Anomalies are not always stable and can vary from one day to the next, depending on the conditions at the time of inspection.

Anomalies showing smaller temperature differentials, especially less than 10 degrees, may not require immediate attention but generally continue to degrade over time.

Common causes of anomalies include:

Installation damage
Local shading
Panel soiling
Nearby vegetation
Panel cracking
Manufacturing defects
Weather events (lightning, hail or wind)
Suboptimal grounding
Module degradation (for example, delamination)
Fuse or connector failure (for strings)

An RGB image can assist in determining the cause of the anomaly. For example, the RGB image confirms vegetation as the cause of this multi-cell anomaly:

The value of a solar inspection is that it provides insight into the impact of anomalies on power production.

Due to solar-site design, some anomalies have bigger impacts than others. A solar site uses silicon solar cells to convert the energy of sunlight into electricity. The power generated is made available to the grid by means of strings, combiners and finally inverters, which feed into the point of interconnection.

When assessing anomaly impacts on power production, it’s important to consider that outages of components such as combiners and inverters result in a greater reduction in power production than anomalies of individual cells.

Raptor Maps uses a power factor to take into account that, for example, a string outage will have much greater impact on overall power production than a cell outage.

For more information, refer to Calculate Impact of Anomalies and Power Factors

Raptor Maps analysis checks for all of the following anomalies:

Anomaly	Description
Ballast	A ballast consists of concrete blocks used to secure an array of solar modules to the ground or the roof. A ballast anomaly indicates a broken ballast.
Cell	A hot spot occurs with square geometry in a single cell.
Cell low	This is a cell anomaly where the temperature of an anomalous area is less than 10˚C higher than adjacent areas.
Cell medium	This is a cell anomaly where the temperature of an anomalous area is 10-20˚C higher than adjacent areas.
Cell high	This is a cell anomaly where the temperature of an anomalous area is 20˚C higher than adjacent areas.
Cell multi	This anomaly consists of hot spots occurring with square geometry in multiple cells.
Cell multi low	In this type of cell multi anomaly, the temperature of an anomalous area is less than 10˚C higher than adjacent areas.
Cell multi medium	In this type of cell multi anomaly, the temperature of an anomalous area is 10-20˚C higher than adjacent areas.
Cell multi high	In this type of cell multi anomaly, the temperature of an anomalous area is 20˚C higher than adjacent areas.
Circuit	A circuit anomaly is a series of adjacent offline strings. This anomaly type usually affects fewer strings than a combiner anomaly, depending on the electrical wiring and the as-built layout.
Combiner	A combiner combines many strings into a larger flow of DC (direct current). A combiner anomaly shows a fault in contiguous strings matching the combiner layout.
Cracking	This module anomaly is caused by cracking on the module surface.
Damaged	Damage anomalies result from a bent, misplaced or warped module. They may also come from a heavily cracked module that is damaged beyond the module surface.
Delamination	This module anomaly is due to compromised adhesion between glass, encapsulant or layers. The layers may be the active layers and/or the back layers. It is more common with thin-film modules.
Diode	A bypass diode provides a current path around a faulty cell or module. A diode anomaly indicates an activated bypass diode, typically 1/3 of the module.
Diode multi	There are multiple activated bypass diodes, typically affecting ⅔ of the module.
Hot spot	This shows an anomalous spot on a cell.
Hot spot low	A hot spot has occurred where the temperature of the anomalous area is less than 10˚C higher than adjacent areas.
Hot spot medium	A hot spot has occurred where the temperature of the anomalous area is 10-20˚C higher than adjacent areas.
Hot spot high	A hot spot has occurred where the temperature of the anomalous area is 20˚C higher than adjacent areas.
Hot spot multi	There are multiple hot spots on a thin-film module.
Hot spot multi low	In this hot spot multi anomaly, the temperature of the anomalous area is less than 10˚C higher than adjacent areas.
Hot spot multi medium	In this hot spot multi, the temperature of the anomalous area is 10-20˚C higher than adjacent areas.
Hot spot multi high	In this hot spot multi, the temperature of the anomalous area is 20˚C higher than adjacent areas.
Internal short circuit	Multiple cell anomalies have happened as a result of a short circuit.
Inverter	An inverter converts the DC current of many combiners into usable AC. An inverter anomaly shows a fault in contiguous strings matching the inverter layout.
Junction box	A junction box is an enclosure on the module that connects the PV strings. A junction-box anomaly is a hot spot at the junction-box location on the module.
Junction box low	In this junction-box anomaly, the temperature of the anomalous area is less than 10˚C higher than adjacent areas.
Junction box medium	In this junction-box anomaly, the temperature of the anomalous area is 10-20˚C higher than adjacent areas.
Junction box high	In this junction-box anomaly, the temperature of the anomalous area is 20˚C higher than adjacent areas.
Missing	The module is present on the as-built but missing from the PV system.
Module	The entire module is heated or offline.
Physical Obstruction	A physical obstruction or object on the surface of the module that is blocking direct sunlight or causing close proximity shading.
Reverse Polarity	A module anomaly has occurred due to incorrect wiring.
Shadowing	Sunlight is obstructed by vegetation.
Soiling	Dirt, dust or other debris is on the surface of the module.
Spare module	The module is present on the as-built and marked as offline.
String	A string consists of an individual set of modules connected in series. A string anomaly shows a fault in contiguous modules matching the string layout.
Tracker	Tilt tracker position is affecting power production.
Underperforming String	A string has a delta of less than 3 degrees C when compared to an adjacent operational string. Other sub-module anomalies can also be present in underperforming strings and generally are not visible in true offline strings.
Vegetation	Modules are blocked by vegetation.